<h2>Great Scott</h2>
Conventional models suggested that moving backwards through time would require a <a href="https://futurism.com/time-travel-isnt-possible-is-it">time machine to have negative mass</a>. Needless to say, that&#8217;s currently beyond our engineering capabilities.
But a new mathematical proof suggests that those physicists may be wrong — it might be possible to build a machine, if it could somehow contain an infinite amount of mass. That&#8217;s according to research from University of Massachusetts Dartmouth that was <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.09505">first shared on the preprint server ArXiv</a> this summer and <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6382/aad306/meta">later published in the journal</a> Classical and Quantum Gravity.
<h2>This is Heavy</h2>
The actual physics of theoretical time travel gets complicated, especially because the authors refer to time travel with jargon-dense phrases like &#8220;causality problems in nonsingular, energetically realistic regions of the spacetime.&#8221;
What it comes down to is whether a potential model for time travel violates something called the <a href="https://futurism.com/faster-than-light-travel-could-we-do-it">Weak Energy Condition</a>, a principle in quantum physics that essentially says that any object must have a non-negative amount of mass. The previous models for time travel <a href="https://futurism.com/two-types-time-travel-physicists-agree-possible">were deemed impossible</a> because the proposed existence of negative mass violates the Weak Energy Condition, something that scientists have never observed to be violated in nature. And, for what it&#8217;s worth, scientists have also never observed any object containing a negative amount of mass, though some have performed mathematical gymnastics to suggest it <a href="https://medium.com/the-physics-arxiv-blog/cosmologists-prove-negative-mass-can-exist-in-our-universe-250a980320a7">could exist somewhere out there</a> in the form of a positive and negative-mass hybridized, gravity-absorbing plasma.
But the new model for time travel can be explained within the confines of the Weak Energy Condition, so it clears that hurdle with ease. Unfortunately, it also smacks into the insurmountable wall of impossibility — positive or negative, it&#8217;s impossible to build something with an infinite amount of mass. Even black holes, the greatest concentrations of mass and density that we know, still contain a finite amount of stuff <a href="http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/encyc_mod3_q14.html">that can be measured</a> by looking at the orbit of nearby planets and stars.
<h2>Theoretical Progress</h2>
So this new research won&#8217;t give rise to functional time machines — those may still be impossible unless further study circumvents the problem of infinite mass. But, as University of Massachusetts Dartmouth physicist <a href="https://theconversation.com/time-travel-is-possible-but-only-if-you-have-an-object-with-infinite-mass-107063">Gaurav Khanna argues in a recent essay</a> for The Conversation, this model makes it clear that scientists ought to reevaluate their understanding of spacetime.
Sure, we don&#8217;t know how to travel back through time, but many of the assumptions as to why we couldn&#8217;t are no longer valid.
READ MORE: <a href="https://theconversation.com/time-travel-is-possible-but-only-if-you-have-an-object-with-infinite-mass-107063">Time travel is possible – but only if you have an object with infinite mass</a> [The Conversation]
More on time travel: <a href="https://futurism.com/time-travel-bend-time">We Can’t Alter The Flow of Time But, According to Physics, We Can Bend It</a>

Now it's impossible for a totally new reason!

A new model debunks a popular argument against time travel

Don't Need Roads

A new model for backwards time travel debunks one of the main reasons scientists assumed it was possible. But that doesn't make it any easier.

A New Model Debunks a Popular Argument Against Time Travel

A time machine wouldn't need to have negative mass, as many physicists believe.

<h2>How to Survive a Black Hole</h2>
OK, so maybe you aren&#8217;t going to get sucked into a black hole tomorrow. Or ever. Maybe even trying to imagine being in such a situation feels like writing yourself into a Doctor Who episode. But, for mathematicians, physicists, and other scientists attempting to understand cosmic strangeness in practical terms, these thought experiments are actually very useful. And they may be more practical in and of themselves than we&#8217;d realized.
At least, that&#8217;s what a team of researchers led by Peter Hintz at the University of California, Berkeley found through their study of black holes, recently <a href="https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.031103">published in the journal Physical Review Letters</a>. 
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Before launching into their findings, let&#8217;s recall that, theoretically, <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0411061">some black holes have an electromagnetic charge</a> and some don&#8217;t. All black holes have what&#8217;s called an event horizon. Should you find yourself in a black hole, the event horizon would be the <a href="http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/Event+Horizon">&#8220;point of no return&#8221;</a> if you passed through it.
In the case that you were sucked into a black hole that had an electromagnetic charge, once you made it into the event horizon, you&#8217;d actually find yourself confronted by something else entirely: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9709025">the Cauchy horizon.</a> Beyond that cosmic boundary is&#8230; well, we don&#8217;t know. Which is why Hintz and his team were so curious about it.
“Given that we don’t know what happens past the Cauchy horizon, it could be crazy things as long as they’re mathematically possible,” <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2162144-you-could-survive-falling-into-a-black-hole-but-it-may-get-weird/">Hintz told New Scientist.</a>
<h2>The Great Unknown</h2>
More interesting than what might exist beyond the Cauchy horizon is what doesn&#8217;t — namely, the governing principles of thought and logic that allow us to make sense of the world and predict with a fair degree of certainty how scenarios will play out.
What we do know for certain is that if you spend too long near the Cauchy horizon — deliberating the senselessness of deep space, perhaps — gravity will stretch you to death. However, during that period space-time will also be stretching the bounds of what makes sense; what the <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism-causal/">philosophers called determinism.</a>
Here on Earth, if we want to better understand our current circumstances, or attempt to make guesses about the future, we can look to the past. But at the edge of the Cauchy horizon, on the brink of singularity, the laws of physics don&#8217;t apply. So, not only do we have no idea might be lurking within, we also can&#8217;t make any predictions.
“[The singularity] could emit elephants, planets, radiation – basically anything,” Hintz said to New Scientist, which means that even if gravity doesn&#8217;t tear you limb from limb, you could be taken out by an elephant hurtling toward you at warp speed.
<figure style="width: 360px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://futurism.com/images/9-physics-questions-baffling-scientists-infographic/"><img src="https://wp-assets.futurism.com/2016/08/Strange-Universe_home_v1.jpg" alt="9 Physics Questions Baffling Scientists [INFOGRAPHIC]" ></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text center"><a href="https://futurism.com/images/9-physics-questions-baffling-scientists-infographic/" target="_blank">Click to View Full Infographic</a></figcaption></figure>
But here&#8217;s the thing: as Hintz&#8217;s team points out, <a href="https://futurism.com/our-universe-is-expanding-faster-than-it-should-hinting-at-new-physics/">the universe is rapidly expanding</a>. Because of this, it stands to reason that all this energy might be more evenly distributed than we think. And if that&#8217;s the case, then if we ramped up the engine our of spaceship to pass through the Cauchy horizon fast enough, we might actually <a href="https://futurism.com/new-theory-suggests-black-holes-are-back-doors-to-the-universe/">make it to the other side</a>.
The calculations in Hintz&#8217;s study only work for black holes with an electric charge (which are, as far as we know, wholly theoretical). However, as the team points out in their paper, the behavior and makeup of these non-existent electrically-charged black holes could be seen in certain black holes that do exist: rotating ones.
Not that you&#8217;re likely to get sucked into any black hole — theoretical or otherwise — but it&#8217;s nice to know you might survive the trip. Of course, what life would be like in the strange and unpredictable world that awaits you on the far side of the Cauchy horizon remains unknowable.
Though, as Hintz&#8217;s study concludes, it&#8217;s possible that the cosmic landscape would be <a href="https://futurism.com/heres-what-wed-need-to-transform-wormholes-into-intergalactic-shortcuts/">full of wormholes</a>. So, if you didn&#8217;t like your new digs, you could just hop into the next universe over. Maybe one with fewer elephants.

Beyond a certain point near black holes, the laws of physics no longer apply.

Here's how you could survive being sucked into a black hole

Hard Science

Imagining what would happen if you were sucked into a black hole could help physicists unravel the mysteries of deep space.

Here's How You Could Survive Being Sucked Into a Black Hole

“Given that we don’t know what happens past the Cauchy horizon, it could be crazy things as long as they’re mathematically possible."

Here’s How You Could Survive Being Sucked Into a Black Hole

<h2>Traveling in Time</h2>
Most of us have dreamed of traveling through time, backward or forwards, faster than those around us. And surprisingly, recent work has shown us that time travel is far more than just a dream. In fact, a number of researchers have explored, and are currently exploring, the legitimacy of time travel. While they haven&#8217;t quite gotten to the point where they are able to time travel themselves—these researchers have found some concrete science backing it up.
This past June, I met with <a href="https://jbbeacham.com/">James Beacham</a>, a particle physicist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), at <a href="http://brainbar.com/">Brain Bar Budapest, </a>a festival focused on the future, to talk about the ways in which time travel has enraptured humanity and discuss both the logistical and technical potential of time travel.
Beacham began by outlining the ways that, according to Einstein&#8217;s theories, time travel is technically possible through a number of different methods.
<q class="pullquote">&#8220;If space can be bent, then spacetime can be bent.&#8221;</q>
One proposed method of time travel is via wormholes. “We know that space can be bent. If space can be bent by, say, gravity, then spacetime can be bent,&#8221; Beacham said. To clarify, space is the three-dimensional body in which all things in the universe move. Spacetime, however, is the combined concepts of space and time into a four-dimensional continuum. You may have <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwhKZ3fd9JA">even seen spacetime portrayed as a fabric</a>, manipulated by energy. If spacetime can be bent, Beacham continued, it&#8217;s theoretically possible that time can be bent.
<h2>Making Time Travel A Reality</h2>
This concept of bending spacetime <a href="https://gizmodo.com/a-brief-history-of-scientists-hunting-for-time-traveler-1641272404">sprung from Einstein’s theory of General Relativity</a>, which introduced the idea that <a href="https://www.space.com/20881-wormholes.html">wormholes could, in theory, act as a bridge between two points</a> that would otherwise be very distant. Because of spacetime&#8217;s flexibility, a wormhole could link two different points in its fabric.
Recently, evidence for this theory has moved beyond the strictly theoretical. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/physicists-built-wormhole-magnets-180956345/?no-ist"> A couple of years ago, scientists</a> built what they described as a &#8220;wormhole.&#8221; Their model, however, created a portal for magnetic fields. As Smithsonian outlined, &#8220;if another magnetic field travels through the wormhole, it appears to leave space altogether, only showing up at either end.&#8221;
So it doesn&#8217;t exactly teleport particles (or people) across spacetime, but it does highlight the continual advances that are being made in our ability to manipulate the various fundamental forces in our universe, and ultimately, the manipulation of this force is an important step towards creating a simplified wormhole that would allow us to send electromagnetic waves through an invisible tunnel. Perhaps, one day, we will be able to manipulate spacetime in a similar manner.
So while wormholes remain theoretically possible and important steps are being made, wormholes in spacetime, specifically, have yet to be observed or created.
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Another potential method of time travel is time dilation. Einstein&#8217;s theories predicted that time passes differently throughout the universe. We now know this to be true—<a href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/aprilholladay/2005-07-29-space-station_x.htm">clocks tick slower on the International Space Station (ISS)</a> than they do here on Earth, for example. This happens because time moves slower for objects that are near strong gravitational fields (such as Earth) than for objects further from these fields, like the ISS. 
So by spending time off Earth&#8217;s surface and returning at a later point, a human could, in a sense, fast forward through time. If you could get close to a black hole, because there are such strong gravitational forces in the vicinity, time would slow to a mesmerizing degree. Thousands of Earth-years might pass by while only a few seconds tick by near a supermassive black hole.
Time dilation also comes into play where speed is concerned. If we were to, say, travel at 95% of the speed of light, time would slow down dramatically. So again, thousands of Earth-years could pass by in what the traveler experiences as just a few moments.
And this is just the beginning, as there are a number of different ways in which we could make time travel into a reality. Scientists from various disciplines are investigating different methods for us to make more dramatic jumps through time, l<a href="https://phys.org/news/2006-04-professor-human-century.html">ike using circulating light beams,</a> which can be created through the use of gamma and magnetic fields to twist space and cause time to be twisted. Other methods include <a href="http://www.andersoninstitute.com/time-travel-secret-truth.htm">quantum tunneling and hypothetical cosmic strings.</a>
Of course, just because something is theoretically possible doesn&#8217;t mean it&#8217;s technically feasible. At least, not yet. We can&#8217;t make wormholes, and we can&#8217;t travel near the speed of light. But there is hope that we could achieve these things in the very near future. &#8220;We could possibly address things about time travel and understand the basic nature of time with the research that we do now. Or at least, in the next 50 to 100 years,&#8221; Beacham said.
Yet, we must acknowledge the possibility that <a href="https://futurism.com/the-physics-of-time-why-time-travel-may-be-impossible/">moving back and forth through time may be contrary to the laws of physics</a>. Still, that doesn&#8217;t mean we shouldn&#8217;t try. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CO2iwfzRJkC&amp;pg=PA147&amp;lpg=PA147&amp;dq=%22Even+if+it+turns+out+that+time+travel+is+impossible,+it+is+important+that+we+understand+why+it+is+impossible.%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=LbFC690Qk-&amp;sig=khdrk08eT1OtEulneGDjmrB1xFE&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjw0u-HlZnXAhVD6IMKHTnBDu8Q6AEISzAI">As Stephen Hawking famously wrote in his autobiography</a>, &#8220;Even if it turns out that time travel is impossible, it is important that we understand why it is impossible.&#8221;

Is spacetime can be altered, then time itself can be altered.

We can't alter the course of time but, according to physics, we can bend it

Particle Collision and Blackhole in LHC (Large Hadron Collider)

James Beacham, a particle physicist at CERN, discusses time travel and if humans could ever manipulate the fundamental forces to alter the passage of time.

Time Travel: We Can't Alter The Flow of Time, But We Can Literally Bend It

Time travel is much more than a dream. It's science. 

We Can’t Alter The Flow of Time But, According to Physics, We Can Bend It

Ignoring all the paradoxes, here are simple ways to time travel.

Sci-Fi Visions

Watch: 3 Simple Ways to Time Travel (& 3 Complicated Ones)

The nature of reality is hinged on this question.

Watch: What is Space Really Made of?

<h2>Creating New &#8220;Nows&#8221;</h2>
<a href="https://futurism.com/loopholes-in-the-laws-of-physics-can-time-crystals-actually-exist/">The study of time</a> is a somewhat barren field. It became the focus of many scientists after Einstein bound the concept of time to the concept of space (creating spacetime). However, physicists have found it challenging to probe further into how time works.
But one physics professor is stating his mind when it comes to time. Professor Richard Muller of UC Berkeley <a href="http://newatlas.com/now-physics-time/45559/">has published NOW: The Physics of Time</a>, which explains his view of how and why time flows. It all started with one question: Why does the arrow of time flow inexorably toward the future, constantly creating new “nows”?
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<a href="http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/09/20/new-book-links-flow-of-time-with-big-bang/">Muller&#8217;s theory on the flow of time</a> merges two ideas: the expansion of the universe, and the concept of spacetime. The universe is expanding, but not because the stars are flying away from each other. Instead, the fabric of spacetime is expanding, while the stars stay put.
Just let that sink in a moment.
Space has been expanding ever since the Big Bang. Muller theorized that, as space is expanding in the universe, so is time. “Every moment, the universe gets a little bigger, and there is a little more time, and it is this leading edge of time that we refer to as now,” he writes.
<h2>Stuck in the Present</h2>
This concept has some interesting consequences. First, it invalidates travel to the future, since there is actually no future yet to travel to. Travel to the past is also next to impossible, since you would have to destroy some space in order to turn back time. This does occur when a black hole evaporates or a star explodes, but the impact is so small that it wouldn&#8217;t matter.
Essentially, Muller is killing all of your childhood science fiction dreams.
Muller&#8217;s theory even led to a collaboration with Caltech theoretician Shaun Maguire and a paper that proposes a way to test the theory using LIGO. If the scientists are right, then when two black holes merge and create new space, they should also create new time (one millisecond, to be exact) which would delay the gravitational wave signal <a href="https://futurism.com/ligo-just-detected-gravitational-waves-from-a-second-black-hole-collision/">LIGO observes from Earth</a>. Muller is optimistic that in the next few years LIGO will verify or falsify his theory.
“I think my theory is going to have an impact on calculations of the very early universe,” Muller said. “I don’t see any way that it affects our everyday lives. But it is fascinating.”

Off World

A professor from UC Berkeley has put forward a new theory about time. He believes that the flow of time is concurrent with the current expansion of space. This theory would make time travel a physical impossibility.

The Physics of Time: Why Time Travel May Be Impossible

All of your dreams about time travel are about to be squashed. 

One of the most stubborn problems in physics today is the fact that our two best theories to explain the Universe &#8211; general relativity and quantum mechanics &#8211; function perfectly well on their own, but as soon as you try to combine them, the maths just doesn’t work out.
But a Stanford theoretical physicist has just come up with <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.02589">a new equation</a> that suggests the key to finally connecting the two could be found in bizarre spacetime tunnels called wormholes.
The equation is deceptively simple: ER = EPR.
It’s not made up of numerical values, but instead represents the names of some key players in theoretical physics.
On the left side of the equation, the ER stands for Einstein and Nathan Rosen,<a href="http://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.48.73">and refers to a 1935 paper</a> they wrote together describing wormholes, known technically as Einstein-Rosen bridges.
On the right side of the equation, EPR stands for Einstein, Rosen and Boris Podolsky, <a href="http://journals.aps.org/pr/pdf/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777">who co-wrote another paper that year</a> describing quantum entanglement.
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0533">Back in 2013</a>, physicist Leonard Susskind from Stanford University and Juan Maldacena from the Institute for Advance Study at Princeton suggested that the two papers could be describing pretty much the same thing &#8211; something that no one else in the field had previously considered, including Einstein himself.
Now Susskind is back to discuss the implications if he’s in fact right.
But first, let’s look at the individual parts of this equation.
First implied by Einstein’s theory of general relativity, <a href="http://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-say-they-ve-figured-out-how-spacecraft-could-make-it-through-a-wormhole">wormholes</a> are like tunnels between two places in the Universe.
In theory, if you fell in one side of a wormhole, you’d appear on the other side almost instantaneously, even if it happened to be on the exact opposite side of the Universe.
But wormholes aren’t just portals to another place in the Universe, <a href="http://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-could-use-wormholes-to-beat-the-uncertainty-principle-and-it-might-help-solve-some-of-computer-science-s-most-intractable-problems-time-travel-seems-much-more-common-in-science-fiction-than-in-reality-we-ve-never-seen-anyone-from">they’re portals between two times</a> in the Universe. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSgiXGELjbc">Like Carl Sagan once said</a>, &#8220;You might emerge somewhere else in space, some when-else in time.&#8221;
<a href="http://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-just-quantum-entangled-10-photon-pairs-and-set-a-new-world-record">Quantum entanglement,</a> on the other hand, describes the way that two particles can interact in such a way that they become inexorably linked, and essentially &#8216;share&#8217; an existence.
This means that whatever happens to one particle will directly and instantaneously affect the other &#8211; even if it’s light-years away.
Okay, now let’s combine the two.
<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.02589">In his new paper,</a> Susskind proposes a scenario where hypothetical Alice and Bob each take a bunch of entangled particles &#8211; Alice takes one member of each pair, and Bob takes the other, and they fly off in opposite directions of the Universe in their hypothetical hypersonic jets.
Once in their separate positions, Alice and Bob smash their particles together with such great force, they create two separate black holes.
The result, says Susskind, is two entangled black holes on opposite sides of the Universe, linked in the middle by a giant wormhole.
&#8220;If ER = EPR is right, a wormhole will link those black holes; entanglement, therefore, can be described using the geometry of wormholes,&#8221; <a href="https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/new-einstein-equation-wormholes-quantum-gravity">says Tom Siegfried over at Science News.</a>
&#8220;Even more remarkable &#8230; is the possibility that two entangled subatomic particles alone are themselves somehow connected by a sort of quantum wormhole,&#8221; <a href="https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/new-einstein-equation-wormholes-quantum-gravity">Siegfried adds.</a>
&#8220;Since wormholes are contortions of spacetime geometry &#8211; described by Einstein’s gravitational equations &#8211; identifying them with quantum entanglement would forge a link between gravity and quantum mechanics.&#8221;
Is Susskind right? It&#8217;s impossible to say just yet, because while he&#8217;s published his paper <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0533">on pre-press web</a><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0533">site arXiv.org</a> to be openly scrutinised by his peers, it&#8217;s yet to go through the formal peer-review process.
But, as <a href="https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/new-einstein-equation-wormholes-quantum-gravity">Siegfried reports,</a> Susskind isn&#8217;t the only one going down this path. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08444">Earlier this year</a>, a team of Caltech physicists came up with a similar hypothesis when they attempted to show how changes in quantum states can be linked to curves in spacetime geometry.
<a href="http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2016/07/18/space-emerging-from-quantum-mechanics/">In a blog post describing the hypothesis</a>, one of the team, Sean M. Carroll, says the most natural relationship between energy and spacetime curvature in this scenario is given by Einstein’s equation for general relativity.
&#8220;The claim, in its most dramatic-sounding form, is that gravity (spacetime curvature caused by energy/momentum) isn’t hard to obtain in quantum mechanics &#8211; it’s automatic! Or at least, the most natural thing to expect,&#8221; <a href="http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2016/07/18/space-emerging-from-quantum-mechanics/">he says.</a>
We&#8217;ll have to wait and see if ER = EPR or something closely related bears out, but it&#8217;s certainly food for thought, and Susskind for one thinks he&#8217;s on to something here.
&#8220;To me it seems obvious that if ER = EPR is true, it is a very big deal, and it must affect the foundations and interpretation of quantum mechanics,&#8221; <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08444">he writes</a>, adding that if he&#8217;s right, &#8220;quantum mechanics and gravity are far more tightly related than we (or at least I) had ever imagined&#8221;.

In a recent paper, a Stanford theoretical physicist develops a new equation, one which indicates that the key to finally connecting general relativity and quantum mechanics is found in bizarre spacetime tunnels called wormholes.

This New Equation Could Unite The Two Biggest Theories in Physics

In a new paper, a Stanford theoretical physicist shows that there may be a way to link general relativity and quantum mechanics.

Here, physics teacher Dan Burns shows us how we can visualize (and understand) the fabric of our cosmos in a way that is remarkably simplistic.

Visualizing The Fabric of Spacetime

Just because there are four dimensions doesn’t mean there’s a “fourth dimension.” It may sound confusing, but this is vitally important in relation to understanding how space and time work.

There are four dimensions, but that doesn't mean there's a "fourth dimension." This is vitally important in relation to understanding how space and time work

/Spacetime

Don't Need Roads

A New Model Debunks a Popular Argument Against Time Travel

Hard Science

Here’s How You Could Survive Being Sucked Into a Black Hole

Hard Science

We Can’t Alter The Flow of Time But, According to Physics, We Can Bend It

Sci-Fi Visions

Watch: 3 Simple Ways to Time Travel (& 3 Complicated Ones)

Hard Science

Watch: What is Space Really Made of?

Off World

The Physics of Time: Why Time Travel May Be Impossible

Hard Science

This New Equation Could Unite The Two Biggest Theories in Physics

Sci-Fi Visions

Visualizing The Fabric of Spacetime

Hard Science

Understanding Space and Time: There Is No “Fourth” Dimension

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