This Record-Breaking Atomic Clock Can Pin Down the Fundamental Constants of the Universe

Matching Ticks

Researchers from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have created the world's most stable clock by using not one, but two atomic clocks. Atomic clocks are timepieces that measure the optical frequencies of ytterbium atoms or strontium ions with a laser probe, and use this standard in order to keep time.

Let's be clear: the clock in question is not the most precise clock in the world. That distinction belongs to the atomic clock created by German scientists from Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. Precision is the ability to accurately mimic the oscillations of the atoms the clock is based on. Meanwhile, stability is how precisely the duration of each clock tick matches every tick that comes before and after.

A common issue with atomic clocks is the 'dead time' in their operation that occurs when atoms have to be prepared and measured. That means there is time that the atomic clock is not being tuned, and is accumulating 'noise' that distorts the timekeeping. To remedy this, the researchers used two atomic clocks in one system. This virtually eliminated all downtime. When one of the systems is shut down for prep, the other one takes over.

"We eliminated a critical type of noise in the clock's operation, effectively making the clock signal stronger," NIST physicist Andrew Ludlow said. "This means we can reach a clock instability of 1.5 parts in a quintillion (1 followed by 18 zeros) in just a few thousand seconds."

Measuring Constants

This development opens the door for better construction of atomic clocks. A two clock system could be implemented for other kinds of atomic clocks, increasing stability across the board. This technology could also easily be made smaller, removing the restriction of atomic clocks as lab-based equipment.

Further, this super-stable clock opens the door for more precision tests about the 'fundamental constants' of nature. The unerring precision of these clocks means that values in the universe we previously took for granted can now be verified.

Atomic clocks could also be used in the hunt for dark matter. Dark matter is said to be moving around the universe, passing through regular matter. Atomic clocks would be able to detect the minute inconsistencies this matter creates.

Who knew a clock could unlock the secrets of the universe?